Crime scene investigation and its complexities

young voices

While Holmes had an inhuman wit and an extraordinary mental fortitude at his disposal when it came to dismantling crime scenes, crime scene investigation as a field of study has evolved much since Arthur Conan Doyle first wrote about the endeavors of Sherlock.
True crime scene investigation mainly deals with forensic science. If properly handled and schematically decoded with the help of forensics, various tentative evidence found on the crime scene can become crucial keys in criminal cases. 
The United States as well as most of Europe have embraced the rise of the forensic sciences. Their courts rely heavily on adapting a more objective approach in dealing a final verdict, an approach that advanced crime scene investigation not only allows but complements. Crime scenes are neglected in Pakistan. Although PFSA (Punjab Forensic Science Agency) has established units in places such as Lahore and Multan, a lack of proper bureaucracy and no support from legislation means that the reach of these institutions is nowhere near enough to support the needs of the entire country. 
People may forget the fact that less than a hundred years ago while Doyle was still imagining the adventures of Sherlock over in Edinburgh, the British Raj had already been ruling over India (and modern-day Pakistan) for a sizeable chunk of time. As such all of the prevailing criminal investigation systems have their roots embedded deep in the United Kingdom system of police. In fact, the department for police investigation in India was only established in the police commission of 1902-1903 when a European girl was found murdered. The judicial system had its biases and its barriers to access from the day it was created. After all, it was a European system meant to serve Europeans in a non-European land. Since the establishment of our country in 1947, generally governments have not focused on seriously developing a criminal justice system which could provide fair and easy justice to the public. Instead, we are left with an investigation system that entirely depends on traditional sources mostly carried out by inexperienced and unconcerned police officers with limited technical training, sources and facilities.
In a report by the United Nations, Pakistan ranked quite highly amongst a list of nations with barriers of justice. The report pointed out the facts that in Pakistan even submitting an FIR to the local police department can become a challenge if an individual does not have the necessary connections. Generally, when an FIR is registered, it is the SHO (station house officer)/in-charge investigation who assigns the investigation of said registered case to a subordinating officer to conclude, prepare and submit a report (challan) for further court trial. Theoretically a detailed challan would then be submitted to the concerned courts where all the necessary information would be presented to allow a fair trial. In reality, most assistant sub-inspectors and sub-inspectors assigned to the task tend to do a quick and easy investigation so that they may get done with their work as soon as possible preferring to achieve their assigned quotas rather than commit time and energy towards finding the right suspect.  The standard of techniques employed by the police is also rather rudimentary in nature where most police detectives use traditional methods which they learned via their seniors throughout their time in the force. Newer forensic techniques are not only rarely used but in most cases are frowned upon as methods that only overcomplicate things.
Nepotism and bribery are also something that cannot be overlooked especially when it comes to criminal cases from rural districts where each police officer holds relatively great influence amongst the people who can be easily swayed into giving them money if it means allowing a relative to avoid jail time.
Police in Pakistan has mostly been used by governments as a force of intimidation to harass their political opponents. When someone politicizes an institution such as the police and uses it as the main instrument of coercion, it naturally changes the outlook of the institution and all its complexities.
The rise of forensic science can really only be seen as a positive in Pakistan as it allows for a more well-developed criminal investigation system to prosper within the country. Unfortunate as it maybe, the truth is the little developments that we have made in the fields of forensic science are just that, too ‘little.’ To have an ease of access to justice, Pakistan needs to adapt forensic sciences at a much larger scale and there needs to be wider reforms in the police and judicial department so that justice is not only reserved for those few with the right money and the right name for the situation.

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